Joined in 2023 
82 
63 About this deal
Shaanxi History Museum notice". Shaanxi History Museum. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021 . Retrieved 18 October 2020.
The Roman Empire began to decline in the crisis of the third century. Late antiquity also saw the rise of Christianity under Constantine I, finally ousting the Roman imperial cult with the Theodosian decrees of393. Successive invasions of Germanic tribes finalized the The deposition of human remains in mires extends from the Mesolithic to recent times (van der Sanden Reference van der Sanden, Menotti and O'Sullivan2012: 404). To our knowledge, detailed overviews of long-term trends in the numbers and spatial patterning of finds are unavailable (for some basic trends, see van der Sanden Reference van der Sanden1996). Nonetheless, some chronological peaks and spatial clustering have previously been identified. The earliest dated peak concerns a cluster of skeletal remains from southern Sweden and Denmark, which dates to the fourth millennium BC (Sjögren et al. Reference Sjögren2017; Nielsen & Sørensen Reference Nielsen and Sørensen2018). There is also a concentration of skeletons dating to the later third/early second millennium BC in the English fenlands (Healey & Housley Reference Healey and Housley1992; Roberts Reference Roberts1998). The Iron Age and Roman period, however, are generally perceived as the peak of the ‘bog body phenomenon’, with finds distributed throughout North-west Europe. Medieval and later finds cluster predominantly in Scotland and Ireland (van der Sanden Reference van der Sanden, Menotti and O'Sullivan2012: 404). Greece entered the 4th century under Spartan hegemony, but by 395 BC the Spartan rulers removed Lysander from office, and Sparta lost her naval supremacy. Athens, Argos, Thebes and Corinth, the latter two of which were formerly Spartan allies, challenged Spartan dominance in the Corinthian War, which ended inconclusively in 387BC. Later, in 371BC, the Theban generals Epaminondas and Pelopidas won a victory at the Battle of Leuctra. The result of this battle was the end of Spartan supremacy and the establishment of Theban hegemony. Thebes sought to maintain its position until it was finally eclipsed by the rising power of Macedon in 346 BC. Dever, William (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0975-9. Homer is thought to have written his epics, The Iliad and The Odyssey. It is the time when Rome was founded. The Persians were expanding their empire in the eastern Mediterranean. It is thought this was the period of the famous Biblical kings, or at least Samuel, and later, the time of the Babylonian Captivity.With the beginning of writing came the first period considered historical. This was still a very ancient period, part of the Bronze Age, and before the time when the Trojan War, if it happened, would have taken place. It is used to refer to various other periods of ancient history, like Ancient Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia (such as, Assyria, Babylonia and Sumer) or other early civilizations of the Near East. It is less commonly used in reference to civilizations of the Far East. Main article: Ancient Egypt Khafre's Pyramid ( 4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2500 BC or perhaps earlier) BC – 22 BC: Amanirenas, the kandake (Queen) of the Kingdom of Kush, leads Kushite armies against the Romans. [23] [24] [25] The Ta-Seti kingdom in Nubia to the south of Egypt was conquered by Egyptian rulers around 3100 BC, but by 2500 BC the Nubians had created a new kingdom further south, known as the Kingdom of Kush, centred on the upper Nile with a capital at Kerma. [77] In the Egyptian New Kingdom period, Kush once more was conquered by Egypt. However, by 1100 BC a new kingdom of Kush had formed, with a capital at Napata. Nubian rulers conquered Egypt around 760 BC and retained control for about a century. [78] Aksum and ancient Ethiopia [ edit ] The Ezana Stone records negus Ezana's conversion to Christianity and conquests of his neighbors.
The Achaemenid Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, who first became king of the Persians, then conquered the Medes, Lydia, and Babylon by 539 BC. The empire built on earlier Mesopotamian systems of government to govern their large empire. By building roads, they improved both the ability to send governmental instructions throughout their lands as well as improving the ability of their military forces to be deployed rapidly. Increased trade and upgraded farming techniques increased wealth, but also exacerbated inequalities between social classes. The empire's location at the centre of trading networks spread its intellectual and philosophical ideas throughout a wide area, and its religion, while not itself spreading far, had an impact on later religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. [42] Cyrus' son Cambyses II conquered Egypt, while a later emperor, Darius the Great, expanded the empire to the Indus River, creating the largest empire in the world to that date. [43] But Darius and his son Xerxes I failed to expand into Greece, with expeditions in 490 and 480 BC eventually failing. [44] The Achaemenid dynasty and empire fell to Alexander the Great by 330 BC, and after Alexander's death, much of the area previously ruled by the Cyrus and his successors was ruled by the Seleucid dynasty. [45] Assimilation of Baltic and Aryan Peoples by Uralic Speakers in the Middle and Upper Volga Basin (Shaded Relief BG) Further information: History of science in early cultures and History of mathematics Ancient technology Emperor Wu of Jin established the First Jin dynasty providing a temporary unity of China after the devastating Three Kingdoms period. BC – 400 BC: Olmec civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian Mexico, during Mesoamerica's Formative period.Hodges, Henry; Newcomer, Judith (1992). Technology in the Ancient World. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-0-88029-893-3.
The culture of the ancient Greeks, together with some influences from the ancient Near East, was the basis of art, [5] philosophy, society, and education in the Mediterranean and Near East until the Roman imperial period. The Romans preserved, imitated, and spread this culture over Europe, until they were able to compete with it, and the classical world began to speak Latin along with Greek. [6] [7] This Greco-Roman cultural foundation has been immensely influential on the language, politics, law, educational systems, philosophy, science, warfare, poetry, historiography, ethics, rhetoric, art and architecture of the modern world. [8] The " Cup of the Ptolemies" was set in Carolingian precious mounting and preserved in the Basilica of Saint-Denis. BC: Oldest known surviving literature: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn. [7] [8] [9] [10]BC: Oldest known depiction of the Staff God, the oldest image of a god to be found in the Americas. jseagard (2 February 2011). "Proyecto Arqueológico Norte Chico". Field Museum. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020 . Retrieved 14 March 2019. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Russian Czars (a title derived from Caesar) claimed the Byzantine mantle as the champion of Orthodoxy; Moscow was described as the " Third Rome," and the Czars ruled as divinely appointed Emperors into the 20th century. Dodds, E. R. (1964). The Greeks and the Irrational. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. Hildebrand, Elisabeth; et al. (2018). "A monumental cemetery built by eastern Africa's first herders near Lake Turkana, Kenya". PNAS. 115 (36): 8942–8947. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721975115. PMC 6130363. PMID 30127016.
BC: Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day Pakistan and India) begins. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2015). Concise History of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-69453-8. Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea around 3200 BC, [143] and the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC). [144] [145] The Minoans built large palaces decorated with frescoes and wrote in the undeciphered script known as Linear A. The Mycenaean civilization, the first distinctively Greek civilization later emerged on the mainland (1600–1100 BC), consisting of a network of palace-centered states and writing the earliest attested form of Greek with the Linear B script. [145] The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, along with several other civilizations in the eastern Mediterranen, during the regional event known as the Late Bronze Age collapse. [146] This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. MacGregor, Neil (2011). A History of the World in 100 Objects. New York: Viking. pp.221–226. ISBN 9780670022700. Main articles: History of South Asia, History of India, and Ancient India Standing Buddha from Gandhara, 1st century AD.
In politics, the late Roman conception of the Empire as a universal state, headed by one supreme divinely appointed ruler, united with Christianity as a universal religion likewise headed by a supreme patriarch, proved very influential, even after the disappearance of imperial authority in the west. This tendency reached its peak when Charlemagne was crowned "Roman Emperor" in the year 800, an act which led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire. The notion that an emperor is a monarch who outranks a mere king dates from this period. In this political ideal, there would always be a Roman Empire, a state whose jurisdiction extended through the entire civilized western world. Growth of Azanian and Zanj settlements in the Swahili coast. Local industry and international trade flourish. [22] The kingdom of Magadha rose to prominence under a number of dynasties that peaked in power under the reign of Ashoka Maurya, one of India's most legendary and famous emperors. During the reign of Ashoka, the four dynasties of Chola, Chera, and Pandya were ruling in the South, while Devanampiya Tissa (250–210 BC) controlled Anuradhapura (now Sri Lanka). These kingdoms, while not part of Ashoka's empire, were in friendly terms with the Maurya Empire. An alliance existed between Devanampiya Tissa and Ashoka of India, [95] who sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka. [96]
Great Deal 
New Comment