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Meet the Chemist Behind Many Popular—and Faulty—Police Drug Kits". Pacific Standard. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2020.

Calipari ES, Ferris MJ, Jones SR (January 2014). "Extended access of cocaine self-administration results in tolerance to the dopamine-elevating and locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine". Journal of Neurochemistry. 128 (2): 224–32. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12452. PMC 3947316. PMID 24102293. Cocaine is known to suppress hunger and appetite by increasing co-localization of sigma σ 1R receptors and ghrelin GHS-R1a receptors at the neuronal cell surface, thereby increasing ghrelin-mediated signaling of satiety [116] and possibly via other effects on appetitive hormones. [117] Chronic users may lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss. The latest estimate provided by the U.S. authorities on the annual production of cocaine in Colombia refers to 290 metric tons. Sordo L, Indave BI, Barrio G, Degenhardt L, de la Fuente L, Bravo MJ (September 2014). "Cocaine use and risk of stroke: a systematic review". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 142: 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.041. PMID 25066468. Hamdan AL, Sataloff RT, Hawkshaw MJ (2022). "Topical Anesthesia in Office-Based Laryngeal Surgery". Office-Based Laryngeal Surgery. USA: Springer. pp.123–137. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-91936-8_6. ISBN 978-3-030-91935-1.Martell BA, Mitchell E, Poling J, Gonsai K, Kosten TR (July 2005). "Vaccine pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine dependence". Biol. Psychiatry. 58 (2): 158–64. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.032. PMID 16038686. S2CID 22415520. Alvarenga TA, Andersen ML, Ribeiro DA, Araujo P, Hirotsu C, Costa JL, Battisti MC, Tufik S (January 2010). "Single exposure to cocaine or ecstasy induces DNA damage in brain and other organs of mice". Addiction Biology. 15 (1): 96–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00179.x. PMID 19878142. S2CID 21347765.

Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population, but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. [192] The provisions as to how much a coca farmer can yield annually is protected by laws such as the Bolivian Cato accord. [193] In addition, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only.Franklin J (18 August 2009). "The world's first cocaine bar". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2016. However, the official opinion of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the United States warns about health risks while cautioning against stereotyping: Casciani D (4 June 2015). "Cocaine in sewage: London tops league table". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015. In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 14.6minutes. [52] Any damage to the inside of the nose is due to cocaine constricting blood vessels — and therefore restricting blood and oxygen/nutrient flow — to that area.

Bolivia and Peru were the leading producer countries through most of the 1980s and 1990s. [1] Pronunciation [ edit ] Nordegren T (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Universal-Publishers. p.461. ISBN 978-1-58112-404-0. Benjamin E, Wong DK, Choa D (December 2004). " 'Moffett's' solution: a review of the evidence and scientific basis for the topical preparation of the nose". Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 29 (6): 582–587. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2273.2004.00894.x. PMID 15533141. Proebstl L, Kamp F, Manz K, Krause D, Adorjan K, Pogarell O, etal. (June 2019). "Effects of stimulant drug use on the dopaminergic system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo neuroimaging studies". European Psychiatry. 59: 15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.003. PMID 30981746.Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, [53] long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface (such as a mobile phone screen, mirror, CD case or book) and divided into "bumps", "lines" or "rails", and then insufflated. [54] A 2001 study reported that the sharing of straws used to "snort" cocaine can spread blood diseases such as hepatitis C. [55] Injection