Top Trumps Volcanoes Card Game

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Unpredictability– 7. The pattern of known activity at Erebus is spectacular, but monotonous – with an occasional, but long-lived, lava lake and spectacular bubble bursts deep within the current crater.

Explosivity (Volcanic Explosivity Index) – 6. Cotopaxi is capable of generating relatively large explosive eruptions, compounded by the fact that this activity will melt or even destroy its ice cap, generating rapid flows of water and volcanic debris downs its valleys, called lahars. Devastation Potential:An index to reflect the possiblehavoc if a maximum eruption happened now (0 to 1000). Here at Volcano Top Trumps HQ, we wanted to come up with an exciting category that described a volcano’s potential for devastation. Some of our volcanoes, in particular the more explosive ones, haven’t erupted for a while. Other volcanoes, such as Mount Etnahaven’t had really big eruptions for a while either. In the mean time, towns and cities have grown in their shadows, and countries have become more and more dependent on infrastructure (like airports, roads, water and power supplies) which could be vulnerable to volcanic hazards. Height – 5,321m This is one of our tallest Top Trumps Volcanoes, in climbing towards the top you pass through several climate zones. Wow! Moment: appearing on Channel 4’s ‘Escape to the Wild’ with Kevin McCloud (Grand Designs) playing the game in front of VillaricaFun Fact– One of the few geologists who had actually worked on Eyjafjallajökull before the 2010 eruption was Dr Sue Loughlin, who carried out the research for her doctorate on the volcano in the 1990’s. At the time of the 2010 eruption, Sue was the Head of Volcanology for the British Geological Survey and was well placed to provide advice to the UK Government throughout the crisis.

There are 16 cards in total, with each containing a photo of a different volcano as well as its key facts, such as its height, eruption cycle, and when it last erupted. There is a lot of accessible information about Santorini which can be easily found on the internet. We have posted a few suggestions for further reading below. Do let us know if you find anything that is more useful or up-to-date. Last known eruption: Increasing seismic activity since mid-April 2015, culminated in a series of ash and steam-rich explosions in August now continuing into September 2015. Cotopaxi is frequently active but the last eruption before the current episode was in the 1940s. It has the distinction of having one of the longest historical records of activity in the Americas too, the first recorded eruption was in 1532! Devastation potential – 370. A key feature of the Servicio Geologico Colombiano‘s commemoration of 30 years since the devastating eruption was to use the past to improve the future. This is because, although no rebuilding has taken place over the buried town of Armero there are still many people who live close to the volcano and need to be alert to a future large eruption. Last known eruption: March 2010 – June 2010. The eruption began with a small fire-fountaining eruption, from a fissure called Fimmvörðuháls about 5 kilometres east of the summit. The main explosive part of the eruption began, rather unexpectedly, in the summit on April 14th, and continued on and off for a few weeks.There are many great resources on Mount St Helens and its eruptions, including those offered by the United States Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory and the Mount St. Helens Science and Learning Centre. Krakatau is a major caldera volcano, that lies in the sea to the west of Java, Indonesia. It is one of the many active volcanoes of the Sunda Arc, which is forming as a result of the subduction of the Australian plate beneath the Sunda plate. Krakatau is not the only volcano of this chain to have erupted with devastating consequences. Toba, to the north, was responsible for the largest known eruption of the past 100,000 years; while Tambora and Rinjani, to the south east, had major eruptions in 1815 and 1257, both of which may have had global consequences. Eyjafjallajökull is a stratovolcano in Iceland’s eastern rift zone, with a summit crater that is about 2.5 km across. The volcano is somewhat overshadowed by its much larger and more active neighbour, Katla. Devastation Potential– 320. The next eruption of Fuji could certainly cause widespread disruption, particularly if winds blow ash across Tokyo.

Wow factor– 66. This score might well have been higher before 1883.. but what remains of the volcano from that eruption is now mainly underwater. Last known eruption: Colima last had an episode of volcanic activity from May to July 2019, involving fumarolic activity and explosions . We have 6 categories: Height (m); Unpredictability; Wow! Factor, Deadliness, Explosivity and Devastation Potential. All are based on the real data from each volcano: wetried to blend keeping the game fun withlearning something new and exciting about volcanoes. Last known eruption: Yasur has been in a continuous state of activity since at least 1774, when Captain James Cook first reported the sighting of ‘ a Volcano which threw up vast quantities of fire and smoak and made a rumbling noise which was heard at a good distance.’The eruption of Mt St. Helens of May 18, 1980 was an iconic moment in the modern study of active volcanoes. It was the first major eruption within the ‘contiguous’ United States since the eruption of Mt Lassen, California, in 1915; the build-up to the eruption was watched from around the world, and the eruption itself happened during daylight and was caught on film and cameras from many angles. The eruption itself was also destructive in ways that hadn’t been anticipated, as the first stages of the eruption directed huge amounts of debris sideways, rather than upwards, leaving a remarkable horse-shoe shaped crater and hundreds of square kilometres of destruction in its wake. Nonetheless we’ve shown you the date of the last known eruption for the volcanoes we’ve featured in ‘ Our Volcanoes‘.

Santorini.earth.ox.ac.uk– an introduction to a recent minor episode of unrest on Santorini, in 2011-2012.Last known eruption: Erebus has an active lava lake, which has occasional explosions. So it is one of those volcanoes classified as in continuing eruption. Explosivity (Volcanic Explosivity Index) – 4. Mayon has frequent, moderately explosive eruptions, and is the most active volcano in the Philippines. In recent years activity has included the eruption of lava flows, and explosions from the summit crater at the top of the volcano. Colima is a stratovolcano, that lies in an area called the ‘ Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt‘ by geologists. It owes its origins to the ongoing subduction of the small Rivera tectonic plate beneath the North American plate, which is just one of a number of plate boundaries that flank the Pacific Ocean and lead to the so-called Ring of Fire. Wow factor– 89. Despite losing its top in 1980, Mount St Helens is still a captivating sight, amd this is why our judges thought this had the Wow! factor.