Queer China: Lesbian and Gay Literature and Visual Culture under Postsocialism (Literary Cultures of the Global South)

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Homosexuality has been documented in China since ancient times. Homosexuality was regarded differently among social classes and the sexes, meaning that it was at times acceptable but other times not. [1] The Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China ( Chinese: 中华 人民 共 和 国 婚姻 法, pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Hūnyīn Fǎ), adopted at the third session of the Fifth National People's Congress on September 10, 1980, defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman. [32] [33] Klára, Dubravčíková (2023). "Living Standards and Social Issues". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1. The following Song dynasty was the last dynasty to include a chapter on male companions to the emperors in official documents. [23] In addition to Central Asian influence, the Song dynasty saw the first widespread adoption of Indian Buddhism, which derided sexuality in general. [25] Increasing urbanization caused the monetization of all kinds of sexuality, [26] and the first law against male prostitutes, never effectively enforced, went into effect.

A 2017 University of Hong Kong poll found that 50.4% of Hong Kong residents supported same-sex marriage, and nearly 70% supported a law protecting LGBT people from discrimination. [154] On December 31, 2015, the China Television Drama Production Industry Association posted new guidelines, including a ban on showing queer relationships on TV. The regulations stated: "No television drama shall show abnormal sexual relationships and behaviors, such as incest, same-sex relationships, sexual perversion, sexual assault, sexual abuse, sexual violence, and so on." [87] These new regulations have begun to affect web dramas, [88] which have historically had fewer restrictions: Further information: LGBT history in China and Homosexuality in China Ancient China [ edit ] Shang dynasty [ edit ] Despite reports of domestic violence among LGBTI couples, the regulations on domestic violence and the Family Violence Law do not include same-sex partnerships, giving LGBTI victims of domestic violence less legal recourse than heterosexual victims.Press release) (in Chinese (China)). 搜狐. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12 . Retrieved 2022-02-09. Burki, Talha (2017-04-01). "Health and rights challenges for China's LGBT community". The Lancet. 389 (10076): 1286. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30837-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 28379143. S2CID 45700706.

In the same year, the ShanghaiPRIDE Film Festival opened. [82] [83] It was founded by Matthew Baren, a Shanghai-based filmmaker, [84] and Alvin Li, an LGBT volunteer who lives in the US and China. [85] [86]Hildebrandt, Timothy (2018-12-01). "NGOs and the success paradox: gay activism 'after' HIV/AIDS in China". eprints.lse.ac.uk . Retrieved 2023-11-26. After the Song dynasty, homosexual behavior was most documented amongst the gentry and merchant classes, since these were the people who were doing most of the writing. Practically all officials of this class maintained a wife or wives to produce heirs, and used their economic advantage to engage in relationships, heterosexual and homosexual, which gave them unequal power. [27] Thus documentation focuses on male courtesans or "singing boys" in luxurious but decadent surroundings who must take on a female role to please wealthy patrons intent on maintaining their role as the masculine partner in the agreement. [28] In 1912, the Xinhai Revolution toppled the Qing dynasty and its explicit prohibition of ji jian was abolished by the succeeding states. [1] Tone, Sixth (17 May 2016). "Gay Couple Vows Wedding to Be First of Many" . Retrieved 29 April 2017.