Britain's Tudor Maps: County by County

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Outside the City, there were leper hospitals from at least 1500 at Hammersmith and Knightsbridge. [33]

John Morrill (ed.), The Oxford illustrated history of Tudor & Stuart Britain (1996) online, pp. 44, 325. Wernham, Richard Bruce. After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the struggle for Western Europe, 1588–1595 (1985) Owen Tudor was one of the bodyguards for the queen dowager Catherine of Valois, whose husband, Henry V, had died in 1422. Evidence suggests that the two were secretly married in 1428. Two sons born of the marriage, Edmund and Jasper, were among the most loyal supporters of the House of Lancaster in its struggle against the House of York.

O'Day, Rosemary. The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age (2010); also published as The Longman Companion to the Tudor Age (1995) online Almost all Londoners would have been able to play an instrument or sing, and many pubs would have had live music. In 1587, the satirist Stephen Gosson wrote that "London is so full of unprofitable pipers and fiddlers that a man can no sooner enter a tavern than two or three cast of them hang at his heels to give him a dance ere he depart." [148] Important composers who lived in London include Thomas Tallis, William Byrd and John Bull, all of whom were employed by Elizabeth I at the Chapel Royal despite being Catholics. [149] Tallis' Spem in Alium was performed at Nonsuch Palace by a massed chorus of eight choirs. [149] Sports and games [ edit ]

a b c Pearse, Malpas (1969). Stuart London. Internet Archive. London, Macdonald. pp.8–9. ISBN 978-0-356-02566-7. John Morrill (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain (1995) chapters 5 to 10. Patterson, Annabel. "Rethinking Tudor Historiography". South Atlantic Quarterly (1993), 92#2, pp: 185–208. London had a debtors' prison called the Fleet, for the imprisonment of people who could not pay their creditors. It housed about fifty inmates, and was notorious for its poor conditions and disease. Inmates had to pay for food, and pay rent for a separate room. [120] Treason [ edit ]Kinney, Arthur F. et al. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Tudor England (2000), 837 pp; also published as Tudor England: An Encyclopedia E. W. Ives, "Henry VIII (1491–1547)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2009). Retrieved 8 August 2017. In the reigns of Edward VI and Elizabeth I, many grammar schools were founded to replace educational establishments that had been run by monks and dissolved. [108] Christ's Hospital was founded in 1552, on the grounds of Greyfriars. [136] In 1558, Enfield Grammar School was refounded. [9] In 1560, Elizabeth refounded Westminster School with 40 free places for boys known as the Queen's Scholars. [108] Kingston Grammar School and St. Olave's Grammar School were both set up in 1561, [108] Highgate School in 1565, [137] Harrow School in 1572, and Queen Elizabeth's School in Chipping Barnet in 1573. [138] Bucholz, Robert, and Newton Key. Early modern England 1485–1714: A narrative history (2009); University textbook

British Library. "Portrait of the Moroccan Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I". www.bl.uk . Retrieved 20 June 2023. Operating with the firm support of the king, and with special powers over the church given by the Pope, Wolsey dominated civic affairs, administration, the law, the church, and foreign-policy. He was amazingly energetic and far-reaching. In terms of achievements, he built a great fortune for himself, and was a major benefactor of arts, humanities and education. He projected numerous reforms, but in the end English government had not changed much. For all the promise, there was very little achievement of note. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry VIII needed a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. Historians agree that Wolsey was a disappointment. In the end, he conspired with Henry's enemies, and died of natural causes before he could be beheaded. [21] [22] Thomas Cromwell [ edit ] The Thames is the main river in London, and its main trade route to Europe and the wider world. It was both wider and shallower than it is today, and in 1564 it froze over so completely that Elizabeth I and her courtiers held an archery practice on the ice. [59] In this period, there was only one bridge- London Bridge- which was frequently congested, [25] so using wherries (small ferry-boats) to cross the river and go upstream or downstream was an important means of transportation within London, with an estimated 2,000 on the river. [60] Due to its importance for trade, the Thames was lined with small wharfs within London, particularly on the north bank between London Bridge and the Tower of London. [25] Most of these small wharfs were dedicated to one particular kind of trade- for example, Beare Quay for the ships coming from Portugal, Gibson's Quay for lead and tin, and Somers Quay for merchants from Flanders. [61] In 1559, a decree outlined the legal quays along the riverside, and mandated that all imports should be declared at Custom House. [9] Most Londoners married in their early or mid-twenties. Families who lived around Cheapside had four children on average, but in the poorer area of Clerkenwell, the average was only two and a half. [48] It is estimated that half of all children did not reach the age of 15. [48] The average height for male Londoners was 5'7½" (172 cm) and the average height for female Londoners was 5'2¼" (158cm). [49] When Henry first came to the throne, he had very little interest in actually ruling; rather, he preferred to indulge in luxuries and to partake in sports. He let others control the kingdom for the first two years of his reign, and then when he became more interested in military strategy, he took more interest in ruling his own realm. [14] In his younger years, Henry was describeJews, mainly Marranos from Portugal or Spain fleeing persecution from the Inquisition began developing a small community in London during this time period. [81] [82] Notably, this was not the first written record of Jews in England which begins around the 1070s, [83] [84] but it was a new wave of migration and community development in England. Hector Nunez and Roderigo Lopez were both Jews and leading physicians during 1570s and 1580s Elizabethan England. [85] Lopez's believed involvement in a plot to poison Elizabeth I may have had a long-running effect on shaping antisemitic views in the United Kingdom. Willis, Deborah. Malevolent nurture: Witch-hunting and maternal power in early modern England (Cornell University Press, 1995). Thomas S. Freeman, "'Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church'." Journal of Ecclesiastical History (2017). online

In 1563 Queen Elizabeth gave the Norman castle of Kenilworth to her favourite male friend, Robert Dudley. Dudley decided to transform the Norman castle and build a whole new castle next to the old one for when Queen Elizabeth came to visit! Katz, David S. (December 1996). "The Jewish Conspirators of Elizabethan England". The Jews in the History of England 1485-1850. Oxford University Press. pp.49–106. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206675.03.0003. ISBN 9780198206675. The number of royal palaces in London expanded dramatically in this period, mostly due to building efforts under Henry VIII. Several palaces that existed prior to the period were also enlarged. [12] The Palace of Westminster was severely damaged by fire in 1512, and ceased to be a home for the royal family, being instead used as offices or chambers for the monarch to summon Parliament. [13] The Tower of London was used as a place from which Tudor monarchs processed to Westminster Abbey for their coronations, and as a place of imprisonment and execution, notably of high-ranking prisoners such as Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard, and Lady Jane Grey. [14] 48 known cases of torture took place here between 1540 and 1640. [15] Eltham Palace was the childhood home of Henry VIII, where he was taught music and languages by his tutor, John Skelton. [16] He had it enlarged between 1519 and 1522. [17] Shene Palace burned down in 1497 [18] and was rebuilt under Henry VII as Richmond Palace, featuring gilded domes and pinnacles. Both Henry VII and Elizabeth I died there. [19] Greenwich Palace was also rebuilt under Henry VII; and Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I were born there. [20] [21] [22] The main officials of the local government operated at the county level (also called "shire") were the sheriff and the Lord Lieutenant. [71] The power of the sheriff had declined since medieval days, but the position was still very prestigious. A sheriff was appointed for a one-year term, with no renewal, by the Privy Council. He was paid many small fees, but they probably did not meet the sheriff's expenses in terms of hospitality and hiring his under-sheriffs and bailiffs. The sheriff held court every month to deal with civil and criminal cases. He supervised elections, ran the local jail and meted out punishments. His subordinates provided staffing for the county's justices of the peace. Anglo, Sydney. "Ill of the dead. The posthumous reputation of Henry VII," Renaissance Studies 1 (1987): 27–47. onlineIn 1536, the Member of Parliament Robert Pakington became one of the first recorded Londoners to be murdered with a handgun. No-one was ever convicted of the crime. [107] the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures. [63] Marcus, Leah S.; Rose, Mary Beth; and Mueller, Janel (eds). Elizabeth I: The Collected Works (University of Chicago Press, 2002). ISBN 0226504654. After 1550, the building of new churches in London stopped for over 70 years, with St. Giles-without-Cripplegate being finished in 1550, and the next new construction being after the end of the period in 1623 with the Queen's Chapel near St. James' Palace. [82]