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Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. It often indicates a user profile. O'Malley, R. C.; McGrew, W. C. (2000). "Oral tool use by captive orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus)". Folia Primatologica. 71 (5): 334–41. doi: 10.1159/000021756. PMID 11093037. S2CID 19354930. a b Teboekhorst, I.; Schürmann, C.; Sugardjito, J. (1990). "Residential status and seasonal movements of wild orang-utans in the Gunung Leuser Reserve (Sumatera, Indonesia)". Animal Behaviour. 39 (6): 1098–1109. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80782-1. S2CID 54322235. van Noordwijk, Maria A.; Sauren, Simone E.B.; Nuzuar; Abulani, Ahbam; Morrogh-Bernard, Helen C.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Development of Independence". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.). Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. p.199. ISBN 978-0199213276. Jacobson, Phillip (29 March 2017). "The military family that kept a pet orangutan in Indonesia". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020 . Retrieved 11 May 2020.

All three orangutan species are considered critically endangered. Human activities have caused severe declines in populations and ranges. Threats to wild orangutan populations include poaching (for bushmeat and retaliation for consuming crops), habitat destruction and deforestation (for palm oil cultivation and logging), and the illegal pet trade. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild. Primatologist Carel P. van Schaik and biological anthropologist Cheryl D. Knott further investigated tool use in different wild orangutan populations. They compared geographic variations in tool use related to the processing of Neesia fruit. The orangutans of Suaq Balimbing were found to be avid users of insect and seed-extraction tools when compared to other wild orangutans. [93] [94] The scientists suggested these differences are cultural as they do not correlate with habitat. The orangutans at Suaq Balimbing are closely spaced and relatively tolerant of each other; this creates favourable conditions for the spreading of new behaviours. [93] Further evidence that highly social orangutans are more likely to exhibit cultural behaviours came from a study of leaf-carrying behaviours of formerly captive orangutans that were being rehabilitated on the island of Kaja in Borneo. [95] Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rded.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.183–84. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.a b Ibrahim, Yasamin Kh.; Tshen, Lim Tze; Westaway, Kira E.; Cranbrook, Earl of; Humphrey, Louise; Muhammad, Ros Fatihah; Zhao, Jian-xin; Peng, Lee Chai (December 2013). "First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan ( Pongo sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications". Journal of Human Evolution. 65 (6): 770–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.005. PMID 24210657. Tan, Peter (October 1998). "Malay loan words across different dialects of English". English Today. 14 (4): 44–50. doi: 10.1017/S026607840001052X. S2CID 144326996.

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