Sitting in Judgment: The Working Lives of Judges

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Frank, M.G.; Svetieva, E. Microexpressions and deception. In Understanding Facial Expressions in Communication: Cross-Cultural and Multidisciplinary Perspectives; Mandal, M.K., Awasthi, A., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; pp. 227–242. [ Google Scholar] We used both high-stakes and low-stakes lie videos in this study for two reasons. Stakes are the rewards to the liar for escaping detection and/or the punishment that they would receive for being caught. Stakes make controlling one’s behavior channels more difficult [ 35] and increase the likelihood of displaying unintended behavioral cues associated with lying, both in quantity and intensity [ 36, 65], which can make deception detection easier [ 66, 67]. If the posture manipulation affects the attention judges give to behavioral cues a difference in accuracy should be more pronounced for the high-stake lies. The second benefit is uncovering the stability and generalizability of the posture effect on different lie scenarios. It should be noted that the role of stakes in lie detection is a debated topic. The meta-analysis by DePaulo and colleagues [ 33] reported an effect of motivation (a close proxy to stakes) on the detectability of deception, however, the more recent meta-analysis by Hartwig and Bond [ 34] failed to replicate this finding. Fischer, J.; Fischer, P.; Englich, B.; Aydin, N.; Frey, D. Empower My Decisions: The Effects of Power Gestures on Confirmatory Information Processing. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 2011, 47, 1146–1154. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Ekman, P. Microexpression Training Tool, Subtle Expression Training Tool; A Human Face: Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 2002. [ Google Scholar]

While she can be recruited as an agent for the Inquisition, she will not appear in the Inquisition perk list. Judgment OptionsRiskind, J.H. Nonverbal Expressions and the Accessibility of Life Experience Memories: A Congruence Hypothesis. Soc. Cogn. 1983, 2, 62–86. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Zloteanu, M.; Krumhuber, E.G.; Richardson, D.C. Detecting Genuine and Deliberate Displays of Surprise in Static and Dynamic Faces. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1184. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]

Price, T.F.; Harmon-Jones, E. The Effect of Embodied Emotive States on Cognitive Categorization. Emotion 2010, 10, 934–938. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]Carney, D.R.; Cuddy, A.J.C.; Yap, A.J. Review and Summary of Research on the Embodied Effects of Expansive (vs. Contractive) Nonverbal Displays. Psychol. Sci. 2015, 26, 657–663. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] In Study 1, it was found that adopting an open posture resulted in a higher discriminability compared to adopting a closed posture, an effect that was more visible with higher levels of empathy. The results also showed that this effect was not attributable to a shift in response bias brought about by the manipulation. Facial expression recognition was unaffected by either empathy or the posture manipulation.