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Nursing Research: Principles, Process and Issues

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Rotelli, M. (2015) ‘Ethical Considerations for Increased Transparency and Reproducibility in the Retrospective Analysis of Health Care Data’, Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, 49(3), pp.342-347. Identifying knowledge gaps using a questionnaire and organising teaching to improve referrals for bronchiolitis in children Elfil, M. and Negida, A. (2017). Sampling Methods in Clinical Research. Emergency (Tehran). 5 (1), pp. e52. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325924/. Beauchamp, T. and Childress, J. (2012) Principles of biomedical ethics (5 th ED) New York: Oxford University Press. Essay to demonstrate an understanding of research methodologies and ethical principles underpinning research.

Thorne S., Kirkham S. R., MacDonald-Emes J. (1997). Focus on qualitative methods. Interpretive description: A noncategorical qualitative alternative for developing nursing knowledge. Research in Nursing & Health, 20, 169–177. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Absent team or stakeholder engagement, nominal data collection or no attempt at implementing the change may result in a QIP that is below expectation.Trainees may be advised to redo all, or a part, of the project if they repeatedly fail to meet expectations.To assist in this process the use of frameworks such as PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) are used (Figure 1) (Richardson et al., 1995). The second quantitative study is a Randomised Control Trial conducted by Kalowes, Messina and Li (2016). They compared the difference in the incidence rate of hospital-acquired PUs (HAPUs) in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Unlike Charalambus et al. (2019) study which has only one objective, this study has three objectives which were first to determine the difference in the incidence rate of sacral HAPU formation between two groups of critically ill patients. Secondly to examine the risk factors for the development of HAPU. Thirdly, to explicate the cost with regards to the use of foam dressing in the prevention of PUs. A convenient sampling was also used to select 366 participants, 184 were randomised to have a 5-layered soft silicone foam dressing applied to their sacrum (intervention group) and 182 received the usual PU care (control group). The result suggests that the rate of HAPU was considerably less with patients in the intervention group than those in the control group with (0.7% vs 5.9%) and is statistically significant (P=0.01). To ensure a high standard of clinical research is obtained, the research governance policy is implemented in National Health Service (NHS) through the Health Research Authority (HRA) to safeguard the interest of the participants ( NHS, 2017). Also, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, 2018) research governance policy emphasised on the management risks involve in some research activities and elaborated on the safety of both the researcher and the participants. This ensures that all research protocols are adhered while developing the research proposal, registering the research activity, information governance, reporting research results and research misconduct. Therefore, adhering to the guidelines and management of risk is an important aspect of research governance (NICE, 2018). Quality Improvement Project (QIP) [Internet]. Royal College of General Practitioners. 2021 [cited 17 May 2021]. Available from: https://www.rcgp.org.uk/training-exams/training/new-wpba/qip.aspx

The research does not mention response rate within the paper, only the total completed. This makes it difficult to make assumptions that the findings represent the target population. Malterud K., Siersma V. D., Guassora A. D. (2015). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qualitative Health Research, 26, 1753–1760. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] The next stage is to generate ideas for changes that will result in improvement, using quality improvement tools. It is beneficial to involve other team members in these activities. Vaismoradi M., Turunen H., Bondas T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing and Health Sciences, 15, 398–405. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Miles M. B., Huberman A. M., Saldana J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [ Google Scholar]For questionnaires to be of any use within research, they need to produce valid and reliable data. Validity relates to the questionnaire asking and finding out information relating to the aims of the study (Parahoo, 2014). Reliability relates to the participant’s understanding of the questions and responding to them in the same way. (Parahoo, 2014). Lo-Biondo Wood, G. and Haber, J. (2017). Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. 9 th ed. Missouri: Elsevier. Booth, A., Sutton, A. and Papaioannou, D. (2016). Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review. 2 nd ed. London: Sage. The goal of the researcher is to provide an account of the “experiences, events and process that most people (researchers and participants) would agree are accurate” ( Sullivan-Bolyai et al., 2005, p. 128). The focus on producing rich description about the phenomenon from those who have the experience offers a unique opportunity to gain inside or emic knowledge and learn how they see their world.

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