Animal Adaptations: Evolution of Forms and Functions

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The aqueous extract of A. boonei was formulated in distilled water corresponding to the dosages 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg -1 b.wt. of mice and the standard antimalarial Chloroquine (5 mg kg -1 b.wt. of mice) were also prepared. At higher traffic volumes the barrier effect sets in due to continuous flow of traffic, where road crossing by animals may not occur. Thus higher traffic volumes would result in a barrier-like situation because of avoidance of animals at high traffic segments 6, 7 reducing the number of attempted crossings by wildlife. This avoidance would reflect as low roadkill counts on high traffic roads 22. Effect of morning injections of melatonin (aMT), 5- methoxytryptamine (MT) and saline (Sal) on the testes weight (g/100g body weight) of sham-operated (SO) and pinealectomized (Px) F. pennanti exposed to. natural daylength (NDL), long photoperiod (14L:10D) and short photoperiod (10L:14D) during the gonad active phase. Table 2

Leblond, M., Dussault, C. & Ouellet, J.-P. Avoidance of roads by large herbivores and its relation to disturbance intensity. J. Zool. 289, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00959.x (2013).Rytwinksi, T. & Fahrig, L. Do species life history traits explain population responses to roads? A meta-analysis. Biol. Conserv. 147, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.023 (2012).

Hirt, M. R., Jetz, W., Rall, B. C. & Brose, U. A general scaling law reveals why the largest animals are not the fastest. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1116–1122 (2017). While home sanitation and individual cleanliness are consistently significant, regular hand washing with soap and fast running water for a minimum of 20 seconds has been heavily encouraged in reducing the spread of the disease [13]. Other practices, like frequent sanitizing and cleaning different surfaces, can likewise serve as an extra defensive measure just as proper hygiene [14]. As in the aforementioned studies 8, 23, 37, the aim of the study is not to determine the actual number of mortalities, but to help determine high-risk roads, traffic compositions and species groups most vulnerable to collision and barrier effects. Our model defines a way to identify components of a road network most vulnerable to roadkill, and could be used to identify road network components requiring prioritised mitigation action. In the absence of data on animal movement near roads, the present approach using species traits and behaviour could help prioritise mitigation for species most vulnerable to collision with vehicles. Hematological profile of mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei, treated groups (Group B-G) compared with uninfected, experimental control group ATrombulak, S. C. & Frissel, C. A. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conserv. Biol. 14, 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99084.x (2001). Champion, H. G. & Seth, S. K. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India (Manager of Publications Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1968).

Jhala. Y. V., Qureshi, Q. & Gopal, R. (eds.). The status of tigers, co-predators & prey in India 2014. National Tiger Conservation Authority, New Delhi & Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun TR2015/021. (2015). Administration of the test extract and standard drugs were done by oral intubations and lasted for 4 days at a single dose per day according to the following groupings: • The antimalaria potential and insecticidal activity of A. boonei has been reported recently ( Iyiola et al., 2011; Oigiangbe et al., 2007).The trailer for “Animal,” starring Ranbir Kapoor and Rashmika Mandanan, has taken the internet by storm, amassing millions of views within hours of its release. Renowned for her discerning taste, Jyoti Saxena shared her admiration for the trailer, spotlighting Bobby Deol’s stunning transformation and Ranbir Kapoor’s captivating presence. Ibisch, P. L. et al. A global map of roadless areas and their conservation status. Science 354, 1423–1427. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7166 (2016). We placed vehicle input points at the beginning of the link, and data collection points midway along the road, and specified the hourly traffic volume at each vehicle input point. The average harmonic speed of traffic flow at each traffic volume and free flow speeds of different traffic components were selected as data collection measurement attributes (outputs of the simulation). Each simulation was run for 600 s (10 min) with 20 replicates. Simulation resolution of 10 time steps/second was set to maximize speed data collection at data collection points. Species characteristics Bains, M. S., Ponnu, B. & Arkatkar, S. S. Modeling of traffic flow on Indian expressways using simulation technique. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 43, 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.121 (2012). Malaria is endemic in at least 87 countries, notably in a greater part of sub-Saharan Africa and large areas of Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, currently inhabited by at least 40% of the world’s population, placing 2.5 billion people at risk ( Guerra et al., 2008; Hay and Snow, 2006).

Dyer, S. J., O’Neill, J. P., Wasel, S. M. & Boutin, S. Quantifying barrier effects of roads and seismic lines on movement of female woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 80, 839–845 (2002). During the study period, we recorded the walking speeds (in m/s) of the study animals in their natural habitats inside PTR, Maharashtra, to calculate the average moving speed. For each species, we averaged 14–20 observations of various walking speeds which was found to be close to 1/6th of the top running speed (Supplementary Table S2). Influence of road and traffic characteristics on AVC probability Velmurugan, S., Errampalli, M., Ravinder, K., Sitaramanjaneyulu, K. & Gangopadhyay, S. Critical evaluation of roadway capacity of multi-lane high speed corridors under heterogeneous traffic conditions through traditional and microscopic simulation models. Journal of Indian Roads Congress (October–December 2010) 235–264 (2010). accessed 23 Mar 2019; https://www.crridom.gov.in/Barrientos, R. & Bolonio, L. The presence of rabbits adjacent to roads increases polecat road mortality. Biodivers. Conserv. 18, 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9499-9 (2009). D’Amico, M., Periquet, S., Roman, J. & Revilla, E. Road avoidance responses determine the impact of heterogeneous road networks at a regional scale. J. Appl. Ecol. 53(1), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12572 (2015).