Elizabeth Eden. A Novel

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In 1935, Baldwin sent Eden on a two-day visit to see Hitler, with whom he dined twice. [87] Litvinov's biographer John Holroyd-Doveton believed that Eden shares with Molotov the experience of being the only people to have had dinner with Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin although not on the same occasion. Hitler never had dinner with any of the other three leaders, and as far as is known, Stalin never saw Hitler. [ citation needed] At the turn of the ’70s, Wojtowicz began spending time in the gay bars of Greenwich Village, in spots such as Danny’s, the Stonewall Inn, and all the classic gay haunts along Christopher Street. This was New York before AIDS, a time when the city’s gay community first began to flourish. During this period, he met and fell in love with the woman who would change the course of his life: Elizabeth Eden. The two met at the San Gennaro Festival in 1971, and a fast and furious romance ensued, with the pair holding a wedding ceremony within months. Bell, Arthur (August 31, 1972). "Littlejohn & the mob: Saga of a heist". Village Voice. First-person account by reporter and Gay Liberation activist, of his acquaintance with Wojtowicz and his involvement in events. Elizabeth Debbie Eden (born Ernest Aron; August 19, 1946 – September 29, 1987) was an American trans woman whose husband John Wojtowicz attempted a bank robbery allegedly to pay for her gender-affirming surgery. The incident was made into the crime drama film Dog Day Afternoon ( 1975), directed by Sidney Lumet. [1] The character Leon Shermer, played by Chris Sarandon, is loosely based on Eden. [2] Biography [ edit ] Early life [ edit ]

Kirkup, Jonathan; Thornton, Stephen (2017). " 'Everyone needs a Willie': The elusive position of deputy to the British prime minister". British Politics. 12 (4): 504. doi: 10.1057/bp.2015.42. S2CID 156861636.

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Suez badly damaged Eden's reputation for statesmanship, and led to a breakdown in his health. He went on vacation to Jamaica in November 1956, at a time when he was still determined to soldier on as prime minister. His health, however, did not improve, and during his absence from London his Chancellor Harold Macmillan and Rab Butler worked to manoeuvre him out of office. On the morning of the ceasefire Eisenhower agreed to meet with Eden to publicly resolve their differences, but this offer was later withdrawn after Secretary of State Dulles advised that it could inflame the Middle Eastern situation further. [151] a b c Guzzo, Paul (September 20, 2014). "Man recalls time with famous bank robber". Tampa Tribune. Tampa, FL. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018 . Retrieved July 31, 2017. Eden had dabbled in the study of Turkish with a family friend. [49] After the war, he studied Oriental Languages ( Persian and Arabic) at Christ Church, Oxford, starting in October 1919. [50] Persian was his main and Arabic his secondary language. He studied under Richard Paset Dewhurst and David Samuel Margoliouth. [49]

Eden, who faced domestic pressure from his party to take action, as well as stopping the decline of British influence in the Middle East, [3] had ignored Britain's financial dependence on the US in the wake of the Second World War, and had assumed the US would automatically endorse whatever action taken by its closest ally. At the 'Law not War' rally in Trafalgar Square on 4 November 1956, Eden was ridiculed by Aneurin Bevan: "Sir Anthony Eden has been pretending that he is now invading Egypt to strengthen the United Nations. Every burglar of course could say the same thing; he could argue that he was entering the house to train the police. So, if Sir Anthony Eden is sincere in what he is saying, and he may be, then he is too stupid to be a prime minister". Public opinion was mixed; some historians think that the majority of public opinion in the UK was on Eden's side. [149] Roberts, Chalmers (April 1960). "Suez in Retrospect: Anthony Eden's Memoirs". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021 . Retrieved 21 July 2012. Eden learned French and German on continental holidays and, as a child, is said to have spoken French better than English. [25] Although Eden was able to converse with Adolf Hitler in German in February 1934 and with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in French at Geneva in 1954, he preferred, out of a sense of professionalism, to have interpreters translate at formal meetings. [26] [27] Although the media expected Butler would get the nod as Eden's successor, a survey of the cabinet taken for the Queen showed Macmillan was the nearly unanimous choice, and he became prime minister on 10 January 1957. [159] Shortly afterwards Eden and his wife left England for a holiday in New Zealand.Anthony Nutting recalled that Eden told him, "What's all this nonsense about isolating Nasser or 'neutralising' him as you call it? I want him destroyed, can't you understand? I want him murdered, and if you and the Foreign Office don't agree, then you'd better come to the cabinet and explain why." When Nutting pointed out that they had no alternative government to replace Nasser, Eden apparently replied, "I don't give a damn if there's anarchy and chaos in Egypt." [136] At a private meeting at Downing Street on 16 October 1956 Eden showed several ministers a plan, submitted two days earlier by France. Israel would invade Egypt, Britain and France would give an ultimatum telling both sides to stop and, when one refused, send in forces to enforce the ultimatum, separate the two sides – and occupy the Canal and get rid of Nasser. When Nutting suggested the Americans should be consulted Eden replied, "I will not bring the Americans into this ... Dulles has done enough damage as it is. This has nothing to do with the Americans. We and the French must decide what to do and we alone." [137] Eden openly admitted his view of the crisis was shaped by his experiences in the two world wars, writing, "We are all marked to some extent by the stamp of our generation, mine is that of the assassination in Sarajevo and all that flowed from it. It is impossible to read the record now and not feel that we had a responsibility for always being a lap behind ... Always a lap behind, a fatal lap." [138] The resignation document written by Eden for release to the Cabinet on 9 January 1957 admitted his dependence on stimulants while denying that they had affected his judgement during the Suez crisis in the autumn of 1956. "... I have been obliged to increase the drugs [taken after the "bad abdominal operations"] considerably and also increase the stimulants necessary to counteract the drugs. This has finally had an adverse effect on my precarious inside," he wrote. However, in his book The Suez Affair (1966), historian Hugh Thomas, quoted by David Owen, claimed that Eden had revealed to a colleague that he was "practically living on Benzedrine" at the time. [198] Latta, Kenneth S.; Ginsberg, Brian; Barkin, Robert L. (1 February 2002). Myers, David; Manu, Peter; Fedell, a b c d Owen, David (1 June 2005). Donnelly, Seamas; Morgan, Angela; Chilvers, Edwin; Screaton, Gavin; Dominiczak, Anna; Delles, Christian; Dayan, Colin; Fitzgerald, Rebecca; Portwood, Nigel; Richardson, Louise; Patten, Christopher Francis (eds.). "The effect of Prime Minister Anthony Eden's illness on his decision-making during the Suez crisis". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press - OUP (University of Oxford)/Association of Physicians of Great Britain & Ireland (AOP). 96 (6): 387–402. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hci071. ISSN 1460-2725. PMID 15879438. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017.

Whatever happened to full employment?". BBC News. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018. At his death, Avon was the last surviving member of Churchill's War Cabinet. Avon's surviving son, Nicholas Eden, 2nd Earl of Avon (1930–1985), known as Viscount Eden from 1961 to 1977, was also a politician and a minister in the Margaret Thatcher government until his death from AIDS at the age of 54. [210] Legacy [ edit ] Portrait by William Little, c. 1945 On taking office he immediately called a general election for 26 May 1955, at which he increased the Conservative majority from seventeen to sixty, an increase in majority that broke a ninety-year record for any UK government. The 1955 general election was the last in which the Conservatives won the majority share of the votes in Scotland. However, Eden had never held a domestic portfolio and had little experience in economic matters. He left these areas to his lieutenants such as Rab Butler, and concentrated largely on foreign policy, forming a close relationship with US President Dwight Eisenhower. Eden's attempts to maintain overall control of the Foreign Office drew widespread criticism. [ from whom?] On 19 November, Eden was transferred to the General Staff as a General Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3), with the temporary rank of captain. [42] He served at Second Army HQ between mid-November 1917 and 8 March 1918, missing out on service in Italy (as the 41st Division had been transferred there after the Italian Second Army was defeated at the Battle of Caporetto). Eden returned to the Western Front as a major German offensive was clearly imminent, only for his former battalion to be disbanded to help alleviate the British Army's acute manpower shortage. [32] Although David Lloyd George, then the British prime minister, was one of the few politicians of whom Eden reported frontline soldiers speaking highly, he wrote to his sister (23 December 1917) in disgust at his "wait and see twaddle" in declining to extend conscription to Ireland. [43]

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In 1951 the Conservatives returned to office and Eden became Foreign Secretary for a third time. [113] Churchill was largely a figurehead in the government, and Eden had effective control of British foreign policy for the second time, with the decline of the empire and the intensifying of the Cold War. Churchill wanted to appoint Eden Deputy Prime Minister as well as Foreign Secretary, but the King objected and said that the office did not exist in the UK constitution and might interfere with his ability to appoint a successor. [114] [115] Thus, Eden was not appointed Deputy Prime Minister. [114] [116] However, he still considered himself Churchill's "second-in-command" and had been regarded as Churchill's "crown prince" since 1942. [117] Negotiations in London and Paris in 1954 ended the allied occupation of West Germany and allowed for its rearmament as a NATO member. Rhodes James 1986, p. 27. ("Pop" is a self-selecting social club of senior Eton boys, who are permitted to wear coloured waistcoats.) Rhodes James 1986, pp. 591–2 Rhodes James was a clerk of the House of Commons in the 1950s. His account of this incident appears to be that of a personal eyewitness. We believe in a League system in which the whole world would be ranged against an aggressor. If it is shown that someone is proposing to break the peace let us bring the whole world opinion against her". [88]